Composition and method for controlling insect pests and diseases on plants

ABSTRACT

A composition and method for controlling diseases and pests on plants is provided. Specifically, the composition provides that polar glycerides selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, or their derivatives control certain diseases or insect pests on plants.

REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/205,920, filed May 22, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention pertains generally to the fields of pest and disease control on plants. Lipids, glyceride compositions more specifically, are provided for these applications.

[0003] Lipids represent a variety of compounds such as fatty acids, terpenoids, waxes, and glycerides. Glycerides are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids, which include triglycerides, diglycerdes, monoglycerides, phospholipids, and glycolipids. The major components of most plant oils and animal oils or fats are triglycerides. Triglycerides do not have free polar group in their structure and therefore, are neutral glycerides. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, or their derivatives have free polar groups in their structure and therefore, are referred to as polar glycerides in the present invention.

[0004] Plant oils (triglycerides) or fatty acid soaps have been used for controlling pests in stored seeds and foods for hundreds of years (Giga and Munesti, 1990; Hill and Schoonhoven, 1981; Ran et al., 1988; Salas, 1985; Salas and Hernandez, 1985). Plant oils and fatty acid soaps are also tested for controlling pests on crops such as apples (Pless et al., 1995; Rock and Crabtree, 1987), grapes (Taschenberg, 1952), sweetpotatoes, lettuce, and cotton (Butler et al., 1988, 1991, 1993; Butler and Henneberry, 1989, 1990, 1991a, 1991b; Hesler and Plapp, 1986). U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,290 discloses the use of fatty acid salt as pesticides against soft-bodied insects and mites. In the United States, essential oil (terpenoids), jojoba oil (wax), canola oil (triglycerides), soybean oil (triglycerides), and fatty acid salts are registered as pesticides on certain plants (US EPA, 1992a, 1992b). However, the use of polar glycerides in controlling pests has not been disclosed before.

[0005] Lipids have also been used for disease control. The use of fatty acids soaps as cleaning and disinfecting agents can be traced to as early as 4000 years ago (Kabara, 1993). Neem seed oil possesses fungicidal activities (Locke, 1986, 1990) and reduces fruit decay in apple (Moline and Locke, 1993). When applied to trees in the fields, sunflower, olive, canola, corn, soybean, and grapeseed oil at 1% are effective in controlling apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotrica), but canola and soybean oils at 1% have no effect on brown rot of peaches or black knot (Apiosporina morbosa) on leaves of plum and cherry (Northover and Schneider, 1991 and 1993; Northover and McFadden-Smith, 1995). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,995, 6,103,768, and 6,136,856 discloses that fatty acid salts act as antifungal and antibacterial agents in plants. However, the antifungal activity of fatty acids has been controversial. While a C18:1 fatty acid salt gives moderate preventive control of two foliage plant diseases, it exacerbates two other diseases at the same time (Chase et al., 1983). And U.S. EPA (1992a) ruled that soap salts of fatty acids had no independent pesticidal activity in antimicrobial products (used on agricultural crops), and must be classified as inert ingredients in those products. Therefore, living plant was a different system from dead plant tissues.

[0006] The prior art teaches that esterafication of one molecule of fatty acid with one molecule of glycerol often results higher antimicrobial activity compared with the corresponding fatty acid while esterafication of three molecules of fatty acid with one molecule of glycerol reduces the antimicrobial activity of the corresponding fatty acid (Kabara, 1993). U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,775 discloses that monolaurin is the most effective antimicrobial agent among the fatty acid esters. Both monoglycerides (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,997,851; 5,343,182) and phospholipids (U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,997) display antimicrobial activities. U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,705 teaches the use of monoglycerides and lysophospholipids for preventing microbial activity in foodstuffs such as meat and dehydrated fruit and vegetables. However, all these polar glycerides in the prior art were applied to either food or dehydrated fruit and vegetables, on which (dead foodstuffs) high concentrations of these polar glycerides can be used. The efficacy of these polar glycerides in controlling diseases on living plants and the possible phytotoxicity of these compounds to living plants have not been studied. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of other polar glycerides such as diglycerides or glycolipids, which share similar structure and properties with monoglycerides, in controlling plant disease is not known.

[0007] The inventors of the present compounds found that at the same concentration, polar glycerides selected from the group comprising mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, or their derivatives were more effective than neutral glycerides such as triacylglycerols, plant oil, animal oil or fats in controlling certain diseases and pests on plants. Therefore, the objective of this invention is to provide a composition and a method to control insect pests and diseases on plants.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0008] The inventors of the present invention found that polar glycerides selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, or their derivatives control certain diseases or pests on plants. The inventors of the present invention also found that said polar glycerides were more effective than neutral lipids such as triacylglycerols, plant oils, and animal oils or fats in controlling diseases or pests on plants.

[0009] Accordingly, the inventors of this invention provide a formulation and a method to make an emulsion with these polar glycerides as active ingredients. The emulsion comprises a polar glyceride or a mixture of polar glycerides, a neutral glycerides or a mixture of neutral glycerides, a surfactant, and water. The polar glycerides are selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The neutral glycerides comprise triglycerides, glyceride type of plant oils, animal oils or fats, hydrogenated plant or animal oils, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The presence of neutral glycerides in the formulation is to reduce the phytotoxicity of the polar glycerides and is optional. And the surfactant includes any type of siloxane, polysiloxane, or non-ionic surfactants. The surfactant is also optional in the formulation.

[0010] According to the method of this invention, the polar glycerides comprise from approximately 1% up to 90% of the total emulsion, by volume; the neutral glycerides comprises from 0 to 50% of the total emulsion, by volume; the surfactant comprises approximately 0 to 10% of the total emulsion, by volume; and water comprises from 0 to 99.5% of the total emulsion, by volume. The emulsion can be prepared by different methods including (1) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and the surfactant to form a glyceride concentrate and diluting the concentrate with water to form a emulsion and (2) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, surfactant, and water to form an emulsion.

[0011] According to the method of this invention, emulsions of polar glycerides are diluted with water at application. Emulsions can be used during dormant stage or during plant growing period. For dormant spray, emulsions containing 1% to 10% active ingredients, preferably 2.5% to 10% active ingredients, are applied on plants for disease or pest control. During plant growing season, emulsions containing 0.1% to 5%, preferably 0.5 to 3%, are applied to plants. The emulsion can be applied by any of the methods typically known and used in the agricultural industry for the application of a chemical. Preferably, the emulsion is applied by any common spraying technique used in the agricultural industry.

[0012] According to the present invention, plants may be treated include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops, fruit trees, vegetables, forage, bedding plants, nursery plants, ornamentals, houseplants, and turf grasses.

[0013] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsions control, but are not limited to, the following pests: aphids, mites, pear psylla, scales, whiteflies, or other soft body pests or eggs of other pests.

[0014] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsions control, but are not limited to, the following diseases caused by fungus, bacteria, and virus: powdery mildew, brown rot, wilt, bacterial canker, bacterial blight, scab, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV I), tomato mosaic virus (TMV II), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

[0015] (1) Definitions

[0016] The term ‘pest’, as used herein, refers to insects harmful to plants.

[0017] The term ‘neutral glycerides’, as used herein, refers to triglycerides or oils and fats (plant or animal originated) that contain triglycerides as major components.

[0018] The term ‘polar glycerides’, as used herein, refers to any glyceride that contains at least one free polar group in the structure.

[0019] The term ‘emulsion’, as used herein, refers to a stable mixture of two or more immiscibles held in suspension.

[0020] The term ‘surfactant’, as used herein, generally refers to surface active compounds which reduce surface tension when dissolved in water or a water solution, or which reduce interfacial tensions between two liquids.

[0021] The term ‘non-ionic surfactant’, as used herein, refers to surfactants that do not ionize in water and thus are not subject to hydrolysis by aqueous solutions of acid or alkali.

[0022] (2) Description

[0023] The inventors of the present invention found that polar glycerides selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, or their derivatives control certain diseases or insect pests on plants. The inventors of the present invention also found that said polar glycerides were more effective than neutral glycerides such as triacylglycerols, plant oils, and animal oils or fats in controlling diseases or pests on plants.

[0024] Accordingly, the inventors of this invention provide a formulation and a method to make an emulsion with these polar glycerides as active ingredients. The emulsion comprises a polar glyceride or a mixture of polar glycerides, a neutral glyceride or a mixture of neutral glycerides, a surfactant, and water. The polar glyceride are selected from the group comprising monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The neutral glycerides comprise triglycerides, glyceride type of plant oils, animal oils or fats, hydrogenated plant or animal oils, their derivatives, or their mixture with any ratio. The presence of neutral glycerides in the formulation is to reduce the phytotoxicity of the polar glycerides and is optional. And the surfactants include any type of siloxane, polysiloxane, or non-ionic surfactants. Examples of such surfactants are: polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (Break-Thru. RTM. OE441), manufactured by Goldschmidt Chemical Corporation; polyoxyethylenesorbitan, presently sold as the product family TWEEN and marketed by ICI Americas, Inc., of Wilmington, Del.; polyoxyethylene ethers, such as t-octylphenoxy-polyethanol, presently sold as the product family TRITON and marketed by Union Carbide Chemical and Plastics Co., Inc., of Danbury, Conn.; or alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols and alcohol, presently sold as Latron AG-98. Alternative surfactants with equivalent action to these typical products are also considered for use with the emulsion compound of the present invention. The use of surfactant is also optional in the formulation.

[0025] According to the method of this invention, the polar glycerides comprise from approximately 1% up to 90% of the total emulsion, by volume; the neutral glycerides comprises from 0 to 50% of the total emulsion, by volume; the surfactant comprises approximately 0 to 10% of the total emulsion, by volume; and water comprises from 0 to 99.5% of the total emulsion, by volume. The emulsion can be prepared by different methods including (1) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and surfactant to form a glyceride concentrate and diluting the mixture with water to form a emulsion at application and (2) mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, surfactant, and water to form an emulsion, which includes mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and surfactant, heating the mixture to 50 to 90 degrees C., and adding hot water (pre-heated to 50 to 90 degrees C.) to the mixture with stirring. The mixture is left at room temperature for slow cooling. The emulsion thus formed is further diluted with water at application.

[0026] According to the present invention, plants may be treated include, but are not limited to, agricultural crops, fruit trees, and vegetables. It can also be used to control insect pests and diseases in forage, bedding plants, nursery plants, ornamentals, houseplants, and turf grasses.

[0027] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsion controls but are not limited to the following pests: aphids, mites, pear psylla, scales, whiteflies, or other soft body pests or eggs of other pests.

[0028] According to the present invention, the glyceride emulsion controls but are not limited to the following diseases caused by fungus, bacteria, and virus: powdery mildew, brown rot, wilt, bacterial canker, bacterial blight, scab, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV I), tomato mosaic virus (TMV II), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), etc.

EXAMPLE 1 Tests in a Controlled Environment

[0029] Plant materials used for tests were either branches obtained from the fields or trees grew in pots in a green house.

[0030] To test the effects of different glycerides on over winter pests such as San Jose Scale (SJS) or European red mite (ERM) on pome or stone fruit trees, stems from dormant ‘Delicious’ apple trees and ‘Feng Huang’ peach trees infested with SJS were collected and dipped in 2% of different glyceride emulsions with the untreated served as control. Stems were then trimmed to 25 cm long by removing from the base, put in a plate with the base submerging in 1-cm thick water, and incubated at 23 degree C for 2 weeks in a chamber. After incubation, 15 overwintering SJS (‘Black-cap’ stage of first instar) per stem were examined microscopically and assessed for viability. Apple or peach stems containing ERM eggs were collected in late dormant and treated as described above and incubated at 28 degree C., 80% relative humidity, and 16-hour light/8-hour dark cycle. Mite viability was evaluated by the following method. Stem segment were impaled onto insect pins that had been driven through 10×12 cm white posterboard containing a thin coat of sticky gel to trip newly hatched mites and facilitate their counting. Eggs were examined every 2 days until hatch was complete.

[0031] Plants growing in pot were inoculated with pests or pathogen and sprayed with 2% glyceride emulsions. Death rate of pests or number of lesions was evaluated one to three weeks after treatment.

[0032] Since mineral oil has been widely used for insect pest and disease control in agriculture (Taschenberg, 1952; Walsh et al., 2000), it was included in the experiments for comparison.

[0033] Under controlled conditions, all glycerides showed certain levels of pest and disease control (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). In general, the efficacy of glycerides in controlling pests and diseases were determined by their structure, in which monolaurin=lysophospholipids>other mono-glycerides=phospholipids>diglycerides>triglycerides and triglyceride type plant oils or animal oil>animal fats. Unsaturated diglycerides had higher activity in insect pest and disease control than saturated diglycerides. And mineral oil was more effective in insect pest or disease control than triglycerides but less effective than monoglycerides. TABLE 1 Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on pest survival (%) on ‘Delicious’ apple and ‘Qi Cheng’ orange trees. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Apples Aph- Psyl- White- Oranges Lipids ids Mites la, fly SJS Aphids Mite Control 100a^(z) 98a 100a 99a 98a 100a 100a Mono- acylglycerols Monolaurin 34e 0g 35e 31e 0f 31e 39e Lyso- 31e 0g 31e 27e 0f 28e 34e phospholipids Others 43d 0g 62c 51d 5e 47d 51d Diacylglycerols Saturated 76b 48c 89b 78b 57b 80ab 73c Monounsaturated 72b 23e 92b 68c 36c 77b 70c Polyunsaturated 56c 14f 49d 50d 18d 59c 53d Oils or fats Animal fat 94a 65b 102a 99a 59b 98a 100a Plant or fish oil 75b 34d 85b 71b 36c 89b 86b Mineral oil 55c 11f 69c 53d 15d 62c 68c

[0034] TABLE 2 Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on pest survival (%) on cotton, wheat, tomato, and cabbages. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Cotton Wheat Tomato Cabbage Lipids Aphids Whitefly Aphids Mites Aphids Mites Aphids Whitefly Control 100a^(z) 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a Monoacylglycerols Monolaurin 30e 31f 21e 33e 27e 34e 17e 28f Lysophospholipids 34e 30f 19e 29e 28e 29e 24e 35f Others 47d 42e 30d 47d 36d 44d 39d 47e Diacylglycerols Saturated 66b 68c 64b 72c 59b 78b 54c 67c Monounsaturated 68b 66c 57b 69c 51b 74b 41d 52d Polyunsaturated 56c 57d 42c 43d 43c 55d 38d 43e Oils or fats Animal fat 97a 100a 94a 94a 100a 98a 97a 100a Plant or fish oil 74b 79b 65b 76b 65b 79b 64bc 76b Mineral oil 59c 53d 59c 65c 61b 58c 52c 49e

[0035] TABLE 3 Effects of 2% glyceride on disease severity (% of untreated control) on ‘Delicious’ apple, ‘Feng Hung’ peach, ‘Long Yan’ grape, and ‘Qi Cheng’ orange trees. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Apples Peaches Grapes Oranges Powdery Bacterial Powdery Leaf Powdery Brown Lipids Scab mildew canker mildew spot mildew rot Psorosis Monoacylglycerols Monolaurin 14f^(z) 18f 24f 13g 37f 16g 34e 32d Lysophospholipids 17ef 15f 29f 19g 41f 19g 39e 35d Others 25e 32de 39e 28f 53e 27f 51d 30d Diacylglycerols Saturated 47c 54c 68c 79b 79c 45d 72c 69b Monounsaturated 38d 43d 54d 54d 62d 36e 60d 43c Polyunsaturated 36d 37d 42e 41e 48f 23f 51d 38cd Oils or fats Animal fat 84a 82a 100a 94a 100a 82a 97a 100a Plant or fish oil 57b 65b 78b 71bc 79c 67b 81b 74b Mineral oil 81a 41d 97a 67c 81bc 51c 100a 97a

[0036] TABLE 4 Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated control) on cotton, and wheat. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Cotton Fusarium Verticillium Wheat Lipids wilt wilt Barley strip leaf scald Mono- acylglycerols Monolaurin 43e^(z) 48d 19f 32f Lyso- 46e 43d 23f 29f phospholipids Others 59d 62c 34e 46e Diacylglycerols Saturated 79c 71b 54c 67cd Monounsaturated 71c 58cd 46d 59d Polyunsaturated 65d 50d 37e 42e Oils or fats Animal fat 97a 89a 84a 94a Plant or fish oil 84b 72b 67b 79b Mineral oil 99a 91a 69b 81b

[0037] TABLE 5 Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated con- trol) on cabbage and potatoes. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Cabbage Potato Leaf- Verticillium Bacterial Lipids spot wilt ring rot Verticillium wilt Mono- acylglycerols Monolaurin 23f 46de 47e 37e Lyso- 21f 41e 53e 45d phospholipids Others 28f 47de 51e 52d Diacylglycerols Saturated 59c 74b 82b 73b Monounsaturated 50d 66c 73c 57c Polyunsaturated 41e 53d 62d 48d Oils or fats Animal fat 93a 92a 99a 91a Plant or fish oil 71b 77b 84b 77b Mineral oil 93a 94a 97a 93a

[0038] TABLE 6 Effects of 2% glyceride emulsion on disease severity (% of untreated control) in tomatoes. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Bac- Verti- Fusar- terial cillium ium TMV TMV Lipids Spot wilt wilt (I) (II) TICV TSWV Mono- acylglycerols Monolaurin 18f^(z) 26f 29f 37e 43d 33f 27e Lyso- 23ef 29ef 33f 39e 37d 31f 23e phospholipids Others 29e 37e 34f 41e 38d 45e 31e Diacylglycerols Saturated 54bc 64c 71c 87b 69b 68c 69c Mono- 50c 52d 59d 69c 58c 59d 53d unsaturated Poly- 38d 42e 47e 54d 59c 51d 48d unsaturated Oils or fats Animal fats 82a 97a 97a 99a 98a 91a 96a Plant or fish oil 61b 82b 81b 81b 74b 78b 80b Mineral oil 63b 98a 92a 96a 99a 95a 92a

EXAMPLE 2 Field Tests

[0039] The efficacy of different glycerides on disease and pest control was also tested under field conditions.

[0040] Dormant or delayed dormant spray at 2.5% or 5% of total lipid emulsion was applied to pome, stone, or other fruit trees. In experiments with other plants, fields with a history of pests or diseases were chosen and pests or diseases were monitored regularly during plant growth season. When pests were found on about 40% to 50% of plant population, or diseases found on 10% of plant population, emulsions at 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of total glycerides were sprayed with a low-pressure hand wand sprayers until run off. Death rate of pests, number of lesion, or foliage damage was evaluated from one to three weeks after treatment.

[0041] Emulsions at 1%-5% were effective in controlling pests and diseases in a concentration dependent manner (Table 7). Glycerides at 5% did not cause any observable injury to treated plants (data not shown). TABLE 7 Effects of monolaurin or lysophospholipid emulsion on aphid survival (%) and powder mildew (% of untreated control) on fruit trees and crops in the fields. Data were collected in 1994-1998 season. Lipid Ap- Or- Cot- Cab- (%) ple Peach ange ton Wheat bage Potato Tomato Aphid survival Control 100a^(z) 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 1% 25b 37b 39b 41b 39b 47b 36b 46b 2.5% 11c 10c 18c 19c 14c 24c 21c 25c 5% 5d 7d 11d 11d 8d 12d 9d 14d Powdery mildew 1% 41a 39a 46a 49a 37a 37a 52a 48a 2.5% 14b 10b 24b 22b 18b 19b 27b 29b 5% 4c 12b 10c 17b 6c 4c 13c 17c

Reference Ited U.S. Patent Documents

[0042] U.S. Pat. No. 4,002,775 January, 1977 Kabara 426/532

[0043] U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,851 March, 1991 Isaacs, et al. 514/558

[0044] U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,182 July, 1995 Isaacs et al. 514/546

[0045] U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,705 March, 2000 Isaacs 426/323

[0046] U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,995 November, 1994 Savage, et al. 514/558

[0047] U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,290 May, 1997 Almond et al. 514/560

[0048] U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,768 August, 2000 Savage, et al. 514/627

[0049] U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,856 October, 2000 Savage, et al. 514/552

[0050] U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,997 December, 2000 Cohen et al. 514/148

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[0052] Butler, G. D. Jr., Henneberry, T. J. 1989. Sweetpotato whitefly migration, population increase, and control on lettuce with cottonseed oil sprays. Southwest. Entomol. 14:287-293.

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[0056] Butler, G. D. Jr., Henneberry, T. J., Stansly, P. A., Schuster, D. J. 1993. Insecticidal effects of selected soaps, oils and detergents on the sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera:Aleyrododae). Florida Entomology 76:161-167.

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The following is claimed:
 1. A composition for controlling diseases and pests, the composition comprising: polar glycerides, surfactant, and water.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polar glycerides comprise compounds selected from the group consisting of mono glycerides, di glycerides, phospholipids, lysophosphlipids, glycolipids, lysoglycolipids, and their derivative, or the mixture of said polar lipids with any ratio.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is chosen from the group comprising siloxanes, polysiloxanes, polyoxyethylene ethers, polyoxyethylenesorbitan, alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols and alcohol, or any other nonionic surfactants.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polar glyceride comprises from approximately 1% up to 90% of the total emulsion, by volume; the surfactant comprises from approximately 0 to 30% of the total emulsion, by volume; and water comprises from 1 to 99.5% of the total emulsion, by volume.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polar glycerides, surfactant, and water are present preferably in a volume to volume ratio of approximately 5:1:4.
 6. A method for controlling diseases and pests on plants, the method including the steps of: a) mixing polar glycerides, surfactant, and water to form an emulsion. b) diluting said emulsion with water to appropriate concentration. c) applying an effective amount of the diluted emulsion on plants.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of mixing the polar glycerides, neutral glycerides, and surfactant further includes the step of heating the resultant mixture to 50-95° C.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of mixing the polar glycerides and surfactant further includes the step of adding preheated water (50-95° C.) to the mixture.
 9. The composition and method of claim 6, wherein the effective amount of emulsion applied to trees includes a concentration of active ingredients (including emulsifier) at 0.5% to 10%, preferably at 1% to 3%.
 10. The composition and method of claim 8, wherein the plants include agricultural crops, fruit trees, vegetables, forage, bedding plants, nursery plants, ornamentals, houseplants, and turf grasses.
 11. The composition and method of claim 8, wherein the pests include aphids, mites, pear psylla, scales, whiteflies, or other soft body pests or eggs of other pests.
 12. The composition and method of claim 8, wherein the diseases include diseases caused by fungus, bacteria, and virus such as powdery mildew, brown rot, fire blight, wilt, bacterial canker, bacterial blight, scab, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV I), tomato mosaic virus (TMV II), tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). 